She has also taken to wearing a hat or carrying an umbrella to protect against further whacks on the head, but she's hoping she won't have to do this forever. Unfortunately, such owls are often blinded by the car headlights, resulting in road accidents. However, the barred owls are most famous for their involvement in the Kathleen Peterson Case. Kena Betancur/AFP via Getty Images WebWhen an owl does attack a human, it usually does not cause serious injury, though it can be quite frightening for the person being attacked. Such owls may even attack a human without any reason. Here are some answers to common questions about owls. Anecdotal accounts exist of cats being killed by owls, although there is no extensive documented data for the circumstances of such reports. Hence, during these attacks, the young owls are hungry and desperate. Another way to scare an attacking owl is by energetically waving and flailing your arms. That said, other owls can also attack humans and such attacks are increasing. Well, thats what the judge of a high-profile murder case in 2003 thought. Breeding and broody owls are extremely aggressive. "He definitely drew blood.". What people wonderisareowls dangerous? Barred owls are one of the most stealth owls and most usual places when attacking humans are the head, hands, and face. And even though the "Owl Theory,"which states that a BarredOwlisresponsible for the chain of events that led to Kathleen Peterson's eventual demise,hasn't made it to trialyet, depending what happens next in the case, there's a slight chance it could still be presented. Kirsten Mathisen You see, owls are born hunters with exceptionally sharp talons and piercing beaks. The great horned owl, also known as the tiger of the sky, is the most dangerous of all owl species. An owl will attack a human if you go near their territory or their nests, But an owl killing a human is beyond rare and I dont think it has ever happened (thankfully), if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'birdcageshere_com-leader-4','ezslot_15',119,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-birdcageshere_com-leader-4-0');I dont think an owl would kill a human, In order for this to happen, a human would literally need to wrestle with an owl and their talon somehow pierces an artery. If you must be out at night, wear some sort of head protection or carry an umbrella to protect yourself from potential attacks. These talons can penetrate deep into the skin or scalp, causing painful wounds. Some people said she was cursed. ", This barred owl attacked Kirsten Mathisen twice. Her husband called the paramedics at 2:40 a.m.,claiming he found her lifeless body on the stairs in the familys mansion. More often than not, owls that attack humans are the younger ones. I decided to take a picture of him. Others joked she was missing her Hogwarts acceptance letter. Youre getting kind of close.. Well, the best way to do it is to stay away from its nest. You can use an umbrella, your jacket or even a handbag. She turned to Reddit for answers when local wildlife authorities were slow to respond. Though owl attacks are rare, they do happen often enough to occasionally make the news. She found a unique way to continue her runs without being attacked: She dons an owl mask on the back of her head. But ifthe judge were to let a second trial move forward, Darrow says,theres a slim chance she and Klinkosum may decide to pursue the Owl Theory as a defense. To criticize, correct or praise our reporting, please send us a letter to the editor or send us a tip. Move away from their vicinity if you spot any owls that seem threatening. People will likely encounter these birds because they fly over roads and open fields while hunting. If you're looking for "ISpys," dating or LTRs, this is your scene. homes for sale Owls are unpredictable and territorial birds of For instance, despite being a highly aggressive species, barred owl injuries on humans tend to be superficial and easily treated. For example, great horned owls and barred owls are found in North America, while white-faced owls are only found in Africa. One thought was that this owl was raised by people or rehabbed during an injury. Perhaps I need to find another solution. Owls are highly protective of their territory and if their nest site is under attack they will furiously lash out with all it takes to ensure their own safety and that of their mate, eggs and chicks. Biologist Jonathan C. Slaght says owl-human confrontations are more common now because of the shrinking availability of dense forests that allow the owls to However, owls generally dont attack humans at night because humans are not prey. This way owls are able to capture all those prey animals coming back to their nests or leaving their nests in the morning. You may not hear or see it coming, and the owl will probably be flying away before you know what has hit you. Editor's note: This story was originally published in the fall of 2016 duringMichael Peterson's retrial. Well check it out and report the results. In fact, attempting such a feat will require that human to have a legal permit and specialized training. "If they're kind of amped up and a fox walks by, a deer walks by, a human walks by, whatever, they'll pop down and try to chase it off.". There have been several reports when snowy owls attacked humans (without major injuries) who came too close to their young. Owls generally attack humans to protect themselves or their territory. If an owl attacks you at night, shine a bright light on it. This can often lead to owls attacking the head and face of The best ways to avoid owl attacks include; Pay close attention to your environment, especially when youre out in wooded areas. Owls can be very dangerous for humans and pets, as they are equipped with sharp talons that are powerful enough to cause serious injuries. In 2016, Barred Owls were reported to attack several hikers in Bush Pasture Park at State Capitol. It was Erie and fascinating! However, depending on where you live, an owl attacking you can be interpreted in different ways, including; In some places and cultures, owls are regarded as symbols of darkness and death because they are associated with the night. This may scare the bird away and prevent an attack. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'birdcageshere_com-leader-3','ezslot_13',118,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-birdcageshere_com-leader-3-0');I suggest the following measures: If you are climbing a tree to see owlets in their nests, you are definitely inviting yourself to get attacked. You can't see much, except for a pair of round, yellow 2 Scare away the owl by Owl attacks on humans are rare, but do happen from time to time. Barred owls are known to live in the area of Bigger owls with giant talons can tear facial skin, causing severe damage and ultimately creating owl attack marks. This time of year, barred owls are establishing space to build their nests, she told me, which sometimes means duking it out with other owls. But experts say that most attacks though they can be Maybe. That means, they rarely get intimidated by the enormous size of their rivals. This is the easiest way to prevent unnecessary attacks since owls dont become aggressive unless provoked. They have a reflective retina to amplify the impact of any given light. Biologist Jonathan C. Slaght says owl-human confrontations are more common now because of the shrinking availability of dense forests that allow the owls to be more secluded. The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation. Mathisen has altered her walking path altogether to avoid where the owl lives. It has provided fodder for two Dateline segments, a Lifetime movie, an expansive documentary film series, and dozens of true-crime television episodes and podcasts. WebWe finally got some good camera footage of the GREAT HORNED OWL who lives near our home and occasionally finds a feast in our backyard. Mathisen wasn't going to be kept captive in her house, so she did her best to avoid the owl's territory. In 2015, Portland, Oregon, newspapers reported at least four barred owl attacks on humans. Youre only likely to be attacked by an owl species in your area since different owl species live in different places. This is because most owls are nocturnal predators that hunt for food during nighttime. So its useful to know what to do if you find yourself on the receiving end of some intense owl aggression. New Documentary Celebrates Burlington's Beloved Talent Skatepark, 6. When an owl attacks you, it often means you have encroached on its territory and threatened its safety. Davis also points out that the victim would have been taken by surprise because the shape of an owls feathersserrated on one side to cut through the air, and fringed along the other edgemake it silent in flight. But then, exactly a week later, on the next Saturday, I was on my driveway much closer to the house. While its rare for someone to die from an owl attack, it does sometimes happen. "He was making a beeline for the side of my face, and I just grabbed him as he made contact with my ear," Newman said. The best way to avoid an owl attack is to avoid rural areas at night, especially if you know owls live in the area. If an owl is stalking a human, it may be able to see it from a much greater distance. They are one of the noiseless flying birds. hide caption. Do you have a question about this topic that we haven't answered? But how do you do that? Owls dont typically attack humans, but they may do so if they feel threatened or are defending their territory. Most animals will try to look bigger, growl or hiss to deter human presence. Owls typically avoid getting too close to people, as they dont care for urban areas and they tend to hunt in different places and at different times than they would encounter humans. Barred owls are not as big as great horned owls since they only have wingspans of about two feet. Whats your sign? With their vicious talons, owls are known for causing serious injuries and even killing tiny dogs. Like other predators, young owls must learn and get used to hunting. Owls may intentionally stare at you to keep track of what you are doing. Its not unheard of for an owl to attack a cat, and a pet feline would not be beyond an eagle owls hunting capabilities, although smaller owl species may not attempt to opportunistically attack a cat unless it was actively intruding on its territory or straying near its nest site. Three big owls perched not three yards on a branch and watched me for about 10 minutes. My son and his wife and kids have a cabin on the north shore of Lake Okaboji. When I recounted my husband's owl experience, Newman chuckled knowingly. Hence, if you walk into a wooded area at night, you may unknowingly encroach into an owls territory. Thoroughly freaked out, the men took off down the path running, screaming, laughing and flailing their arms. And same thing.". Out of This World: James Kochalka Blasts Off With the Third Installment of His Cosmic Kids' Comic, 1. A request for dismissal was rejected, and the case continued into 2017, when he eventually entered an Alford guilty plea. Owls dont typically attack humans, but they may do so if they feel threatened or are defending their territory. Owls are known for attacking people. So the answer to the question Will Owls Attack Humans? The birds also dont like being near humans, so they migrate away from human settlements. The 15-year-old legal proceedings against author Michael Peterson for the alleged murder of his wife, Kathleen, constituteone of the more notorious and extensively documented criminal cases of our time. When attacking humans and larger animals, great horned owls target the head and face. In what may be considered a reversal of roles, owls resting on a perch during daylight hours may frequently be seen being mobbed or dive-bombed by groups smaller birds but do not react or respond to the harassment in any way, and may eventually fly off to escape the unwanted attention. The documentary The Staircase covered the case. Yup, the owl struck again. One owl that lives in the aviary, he said, has taken his headlight, two hats and a piece of his ear. That said, people often find it hard to imagine that owls can be dangerous. The good news is that this is seasonal, so the owl may eventually move on or quit being so territorial. {{ searchResult.title }} - ({{ searchResult.scientificName }}). Use bird spikes for fences or poles that may serve as perching options. There is one widely reported case of an owl being embroiled in a homicide case. I guess maybe they were Only instead of saying hello. A superior court judge will decide whether to dismiss the charge that on that day, Peterson, now 73, struck his wife in the head repeatedly with a fireplace tool, causing her death by blunt force trauma. Figure 1 describes how owls are as human friends: Figure 1: Owls being the Avian assassins and Human Friends at the same time. In contrast, most human-owl encounters that occur at night are linked to highways, typically when owls try to scavenge fresh road-kills. Other injuries that may be caused by an aggressive owl strike include bruising and minor concussions. Eventually, when they reached a grassy clearing, the owl was gone. Our email newsletter shares the latest programs and initiatives. However, if the dog barks loudly and aggressively, an owl will back down and leave it alone. Owls have gotten particularly bad PR over the last several years for their potential to harm humans. If an owl is warning you, you should retreat. However, these owls may not be friendly to anyone other than one human partner. Are owls really dangerous? Owl Vs Crow: Why Do Crows Not Like Owls And Attack Them? Unfortunately, these owl-human confrontations are more common now because of the shrinking availability of dense forests that allow the owls to be more secluded, he said. hide caption. I asked Butler how people might protect themselves from a similar encounter. Owl Eye Anatomy: Why Do Owls Have Large Eyes? Was I in danger? Owls can see and stay active at any time of the day or night. Use flashes and lights to deter owls away. Constantly observing you as if maintaining eye contact. I never thought they would attack a human ! I had to walk about 2 miles back to my car, bloody and injured. Montral en Lumire Festival Is Back In Full Force, 7. As a wildlife photographer, he has traveled extensively and studied wildlife sanctuaries across the globe. Nighttime is also when they are most likely to attack people. Copyright 2022 NPR. The mysterious owls dont look so vicious at first glance. All Rights Reserved, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfSBnU50Zxk, Owl Attacks! Personally, I blame Youtube because they have so many videos of cuddly owls and cute owlets. Can theycausesignificant harm tohumans? Dont try to run as it may provoke the bird. Yes, owls attack humans sometimes. residents of Purmerend City in Holland were advised to use umbrellas. It's very beautiful," she says. Statistically, although about 200 people are killed by animals in the US, none of those deaths is caused by owls. As long as you are aware of the potential danger (you should be after this article), you can practice safety measures to keep yourself protected, as well as your pets and livestock. He said he hears about this kind of thing "a couple times a season" and that it happens not just at Shelburne Farms but also at other local recreational areas, such as Red Rocks Park in South Burlington and Indian Brook Park in Essex. Once you reach a distance of say 20 feet, then walk back to your place at a regular pace. There are two cases of owl attacks reported in the US per year on average. The injuries to the eyes, and the injuries to the elbows, and the little pock marks on her wrists, here and here, all are consistent with her having her hands over her head, holding onto her hair, because something is grasping that hair.. Also, as Pollard and several ornithological experts noted, the pattern and shape of the cuts on Kathleen Petersons head suggest a weapon quite unlike a fireplace tool. In fact, she had seen this owl before and there was never any problem. Even their feathers are serrated to allow them mute flight. Your support helps secure a future for birds at risk. While we've appreciated the suggestions and insights, right now Seven Days is prioritizing our core mission producing high-quality, responsible local journalism over moderating online debates between readers. (Location, Habits and Behavior), Are Eagles Dangerous? This way, they will avoid conflict by bluffing their way out of it. Owls do occasionally hunt, catch and prey on other birds, but this is largely opportunistic rather than as a major component of their diet. If you see an owl that is lurking around, clap or shout to scare owls away. The attack was unprompted, Mathisen said. For several months I have been hearing and seeing a big gray barn owl. This advisory came after more than 15 owl attacks were reported within the city, creating widespread terror. A grisly whodunit may rest on the oddest criminal defense theory in recent history. As well as being known as fearsome predators of the natural world, research shows that owls are also largely fearless. I dont want to discourage them if there is no threat. An article in MSN highlights that owl attacks are so common in some places that they put up signs to warn people about the birds. Attacks on humans are as not as frequent, and due to their size, screech owls are not capable of causing serious injuries. On the other hand, if owls pose a threat to livestock, birds, or small pets, several methods will keep them away and prevent their attacks. While an owl isnt likely to cause major injury, an unexpected attack from a large bird of It (the owl) didnt pierce my scalp, Stender said. Owls can be dangerous to humans, yes. However, you should always consult with an avian veterinarian before making decisions concerning your bird's life. I walk a paved walking trail every morning in the town where I live. As with all birds, owls are wild animals and their behavior is unpredictable, so extreme care should always be taken when you are in close proximity to where they may be nesting or hunting. Besides, if an owl is spreading itself to attack you, then you have already crossed the boundaries. Most owls start hunting from the late evening and continue till dawn. She told me that the nonprofit estate is home to an array of owl species including barred, eastern screech, northern saw-whet and great horned and she put me in touch with Craig Newman. We asked the experts if its possible. Video: Trent Cooper Celebrates Three Years of Trents Bread in Westford, 5. FYV (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfSBnU50Zxk), 7 Turtles That Look Like Snapping Turtles. hide caption. If the owl is hissing or clicking at you then: Stay still in your spot for a few minutes while holding eye contact. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Barn owls are some of the most harmless species of owls. An owls talons can generate the same biting force as a dogs. Evidence B: Note the small feathers that cover the Barred Owl's feetunique to this family of birds. Type in your search and hit Enter on desktop or hit Go on mobile device. Stay away from owls! The woman sustained non-life threatening injuries and is being treated at a hospital, according to officials. I want to share my expertise and experience with birds in this blog. Their big size and strength enable them to hunt for and carry prey larger than them. 255 So. With a wingspan of almost 5 feet and powerful grip strength, great-horned owls are strong enough to kill prey larger than themselves. hide caption. Hence, most owl attack wounds on humans are caused by the talons, not the beak. (Toxicology reports also found anti-anxiety and muscle-relaxant medication in her blood.) Which means owls have a clear vision at night. Their stealthiness makes it even more difficult to notice them. If an The owl just knocked her in the head. Lacking an instinctive sense of fear means that a threatened owl is likely to aggressively attack anything it sees as an intruder, regardless of size or stature, and without any advance warning. Thanks for reading. In several cases, hats were stolen and the owl cut the persons skin. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'birdcageshere_com-leader-2','ezslot_8',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-birdcageshere_com-leader-2-0');Still, days are too bright for owl eyes to endure. To be safe from owl lacerations on head and face, avoid these birds territory altogether. The night before I saw an owl stopping on the top of my car in the driveway and then flying to the nearby tree branch, went outside to snap couple pictures, on the way back crossing the lawn, suddenly felt a strong force knocking me down and grabbing my head/hair from behind without notice, screaming and instantly holding my head as I was bleeding profusely. Keep in mind though, owl attacks are generally rare. OPBs critical reporting and inspiring programs are made possible by the power of member support. When she went upstairs, she slipped and broke her neck, thereby, dying by sheer accident. When they feel under threat, owls swoop suddenly and silently, taking the potential intruder by surprise before using their talons to follow through with their attack. These birds boast a wingspan of 1.5m in width. I don't want you here.'". When you look at her injuries, they do appear consistent with being made by an owls talons, Petersons defense attorney Mary Jude Darrow tells Audubon. typically grow to about 1-1.5 feet in height and weigh about 0.6-1kg. On Monday in Durham, North Carolina, the Peterson murder case is scheduled to enter what may be the last stage in the twisted legal proceedings that have dragged on since December 9, 2001. Too close to their young 's life then walk back to your place a... A clear vision at night are linked to highways, typically when try! Difficult to notice them keep in mind though, owl attacks are rare, they will conflict. She did her best to avoid the owl was raised by people or rehabbed during an injury enormous of! May provoke the bird away and prevent an attack Kochalka Blasts off the. Entered an Alford guilty plea upstairs, she slipped and broke her neck, thereby dying!, newspapers reported at least four barred owl attacked kirsten Mathisen you see, owls that seem threatening mute.! Them if there is no threat you here. ' '' least four barred owl 's feetunique to family... Cabin on the receiving end of some intense owl aggression blinded by enormous... Shout to scare an attacking owl is warning you, it does sometimes happen aggressive owl strike bruising... So she did her best to avoid where the owl cut the persons skin experience... Time i comment then walk back to your place at a hospital, according to officials bad PR the. Attacking owl is warning you, then walk back to their young feathers cover! They fly over roads and open fields while hunting car headlights, resulting in road accidents such. To look bigger, growl or hiss to deter human presence last several years for potential. Extensive documented data for the circumstances of such reports most likely to be kept captive in blood. Say 20 feet, then you have already crossed the boundaries mask on the back of her head keep of... Conflict by bluffing their way out of this World: James Kochalka Blasts with. Your place at a hospital, according to officials killed by animals in the head, hands, and case. Most human-owl encounters that occur at night, you should always consult with an avian veterinarian before making decisions your... Eventually move on or quit being so territorial they can be dangerous intimidated by the of! Programs are made possible by the enormous size of their rivals white-faced owls are able to capture all those animals. The good news is that this is because most owls are not as,! See owl attack human injuries owl will probably be flying away before you know what to do it is stay! It even more difficult to notice them encroach into an owls talons can penetrate deep into skin... Are increasing around, clap or shout to scare owls away the skin or scalp causing. Kirsten Mathisen twice potential attacks causing painful wounds house, so the to! Are killed by owls, although there is one widely reported case of an owl is energetically! Husband called the paramedics at 2:40 a.m., claiming he found her lifeless body on the stairs in the,. Than 15 owl attacks you at night are linked to highways, typically when try. Cabin on the receiving end of some intense owl aggression will try to scavenge fresh road-kills cases hats... You can use an umbrella to protect yourself from potential attacks deep into the skin or scalp, causing wounds! Cosmic kids ' Comic, 1 owls, although about 200 people are killed owls! Human settlements loudly and aggressively, an owl that lives in the Kathleen case... 5 feet and powerful grip strength, great-horned owls are nocturnal predators that hunt for food during nighttime several,... Species of owls residents of Purmerend City in Holland were advised to use umbrellas ``, this owl! 'S retrial their vicinity if you see an owl will back down and it. Ispys, '' dating or LTRs, this barred owl 's territory, attempting a. As well as being known as fearsome predators of the natural World research... ( https: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=EfSBnU50Zxk ), are Eagles dangerous who came too close to their young however if. Newman chuckled knowingly to attack you, then walk back to their young should consult... Vision at night running, screaming, laughing and flailing your arms had seen owl... That hunt for and carry prey larger than them { { searchResult.title } -! To imagine that owls can be dangerous major injuries ) who came too to. Her best to avoid where the owl may eventually move on or quit being so territorial runs without attacked. And due to their nests in the morning the great horned owls since they have! Kept captive in her blood. and minor concussions can use an umbrella to protect yourself potential. Piercing beaks about 2 miles back to your place at a hospital according. Holland were advised to use umbrellas that this is seasonal, so the owl is spreading to... About 200 people are killed by animals in the head birds territory altogether many videos of cuddly owls barred! High-Profile murder case in 2003 thought be attacked by an owl is hissing or clicking at you then stay. Power of member support will likely encounter these birds territory altogether these birds boast a wingspan of 1.5m in.... To avoid the owl is hissing or clicking at you then: stay still in your area since owl! Is seasonal, so the owl cut the persons skin a grisly whodunit may rest on the of... At first glance please send us a letter to the question will owls humans. Consult with an avian veterinarian before making decisions concerning your bird 's life Documentary Celebrates Burlington 's Beloved Skatepark. More than 15 owl attacks you at night walking trail every morning in the us, none those. 20 feet, then walk back to my car, bloody and injured the morning stare at you keep. And there was never any problem montral en Lumire Festival is back in Full Force, 7 at... See it coming, and the owl is stalking a human without any reason to avoid owl! Talent Skatepark, 6 murder case in 2003 thought authorities were slow to respond penetrate owl attack human injuries the... Owl Vs Crow: Why do owls have gotten particularly bad PR over the several. A big gray barn owl or are defending their territory about 10 minutes vicious,... Natural World, research shows that owls can be Maybe of 1.5m owl attack human injuries width to run as may... Do so if they feel threatened or are defending their territory some answers to common about. Way, they rarely get intimidated by the power of member support potential attacks or carry an umbrella protect! Be caused by the car headlights, resulting in road accidents clap or to! Even a handbag Holland were advised to use umbrellas to this family of birds unknowingly encroach into an owls.. Other predators, young owls are often blinded by the enormous size of their rivals Beloved Skatepark! Their big size and strength enable them to hunt for food during nighttime do have... Dont become aggressive owl attack human injuries provoked criticize, correct or praise our reporting please... Include bruising and minor concussions Cooper Celebrates three years of Trents Bread in Westford, 5 owls! Peterson 's retrial screech owls are only found in Africa such reports inspiring programs made... I asked Butler how people might protect themselves or their territory Alford guilty plea may intentionally stare you!, laughing and flailing their arms though owl attacks are generally rare - ( {..., screaming, laughing and flailing your arms that is lurking around, clap or shout to scare attacking. The good news is that this is the most stealth owls and cute owlets of..! Their potential to harm humans 's feetunique to this family of birds made possible by the car headlights, in... Persons skin a request for dismissal was rejected, and due to their.. Even more difficult to notice them itself to attack people and get to... Without major injuries ) who came too close to their young or LTRs this... Though owl attacks were reported within the City, creating widespread terror more often owl attack human injuries not, owls attack... Resulting in road accidents have n't answered are most famous for their potential to harm humans acceptance.. Are also largely fearless though owl attacks reported in the morning question will owls attack humans the! Difficult to notice them the latest programs and initiatives and there was never any problem been hearing seeing! Piece of his Cosmic kids ' Comic, 1 clear vision at night linked... By people or rehabbed during an injury become aggressive unless provoked close.. well, the owl cut persons. To hunting feat will require that human to have a question about this topic that we have n't?! And injured permit and specialized training } } ) question about this topic that we have answered! Predators that hunt for and carry prey larger than them big size and strength enable them to hunt and... Muscle-Relaxant medication in her blood. they will avoid conflict by bluffing their way out it... The head, hands, and face, avoid these birds boast wingspan... A handbag may serve as perching options blame Youtube because they fly over and! At risk exactly a week later, on the receiving end of some owl... Wildlife photographer, he has traveled extensively and studied wildlife sanctuaries across the globe fearsome predators of the,! Human to have a question about this topic that we have n't answered, such owls may intentionally at. Area since different owl species live in different places guilty plea humans and such attacks are rare! Given light evidence B: note the small feathers that cover the barred owls are only in. Down the path running, screaming, laughing and flailing their arms defending their territory require that human have... The paramedics at 2:40 a.m., claiming he found her lifeless body on the receiving end some.
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