Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The Conquest of Mexico by Corts; author unknown (c. late 17th century). 142,000+. [36], In winter 755, An launched his rebellion on 16 December,[38] claiming he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xuanzong to advance on Chang'an to remove Yang. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 different countries, the second most In mid-reign, he fell in love Yang Guifei, the wife of his eighteenth son, and she then became his favorite consort. Led by General An Lushan, the The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China; it significantly weakened the dynasty. Wikimedia Commons. There are claims in China that the conflict killed several times that (by population records, Jiangsu went from 42 million to 20 million, and Zhejiang went from 30 million to 10 million). The generals, after much discussion, decided to borrow troops from an offshoot of the Turkish Tujue Tribe, the Huihe tribe (ancestors of the modern-day Uighurs). WebThe death toll of the rebellion according to various sources (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#AnLushan), including suppression and famine, is estimated to be about 36 million. The Lushan rebellion was a fierce uprising against the Tang Dynasty between the years 755 and 763 CE (Hansen 63). Along the way, as Tang local officials surrendered to An Lushans forces, they were treated with respect and joined his ranks. The An [15][16], Sources conflict about An Lushan's biological father's origin and surname; for example, as to whether An Lushan's father had the surname Kang or not:[17] he took the name of An from his stepfather An Yanyan. Jump Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 WebA devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China that began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan dynasty, and ended when the Yan fell on February 17, 763. jiedushi Mamden chiri-rekishi kenkyu hokoku 1 (1915). His generals rarely saw him, and most important matters were handled through Yan Zhuang ().[42]. However, in his efforts to solidify his fledgling regime Zicheng sought to purge the military ranks of Ming loyalists. External links and references He was made the military governor of Fanyang Province (Hebei), (jiedushi) of Manchuria, and during frequent visits to the capital, became a personal favorite of Emperor Xuanzong and his beloved Consort, Yang Guifei. fubing (garrison soldiery) system of soldier-cultivators, in which soldiers east provinces and lost 25 to 30 percent of the tax base. The alternative term An Lushan Rebellion neglected the participation of Shi Siming, a subordinate of An Lushan and later leader of the rebellion after murdering An Despite superior numbers, the geography of the mountain passes precluded an advance on the capital of Changan until 756, at which point Xuanzong was forced to flee to Sichuan where he abdicated his throne. This is an idea that has been pushed by Stephen Pinker, who is not Emperor Xuanzong was pleased by the comical situation and rewarded both Consort Yang and An greatly. The An Lushan Rebellion. The revolt that rocked the Tang Dynasty. A great revolt broke out that shook China to its very core. He selected some 8,000 soldiers among the surrendered Khitan, Xi, and Tongluo () tribesmen, organizing them into an elite corps known as the Yeluohe (), which meant "the brave". Tang economic control of the Northeast region became intermittent, and the emperor became only a puppet, at the bidding of the strongest garrison. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty , with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. Wikimedia Commons. In July 756 An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Changan, an event that had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. After my death, he will be your emperor." Zhang then sent him to the capital, Chang'an; by not executing An himself, Zhang was hoping that Emperor Xuanzong would pardon An. [29] His name has also been transcribed as lushn ()[14] or Ylushn (),[15][16][17] and he was posthumously named Prince La of Yan () by his deputy Shi Siming. Yeah, it's really unknowable, which is the trend the further back you go in history. The Portal for Public History. I mean, I could use the Fravadn Yasht to claim that ancient Persians regularly killed billions of people. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The An Lushan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China," in Perry, John Curtis, and Bardwell L. Smith. A reason this "fact" unfortunately survives is that it seems to be so bad that actual historians have not devoted much effort to refute it. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) represented one of the greatest periods of Chinese history. Eventually An Lushan was made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. Matsui, Hitoshi (Japan). On another occasion, when Emperor Xuanzong's son Li Heng the Crown Prince was in audience, he refused to bow to Li Heng, stating, "I am a barbarian, and I do not understand formal ceremony. When Emperor Xuanzong asked what was going on, Consort Yang's attendants joked that Consort Yang gave birth three days ago and was washing her baby Lushan. [32] Also in 747, An Lushan was given the honorary title as chief deputy imperial censor (, Ysh Df), and Lady Duan, now described as his wife, although Lady Kang was still alive, was created a lady.[16]. Without central leadership the Heavenly Kingdom fractured, allowing for the gradual defeat of disunited rebellious factions across the next seven years. By this time, he was even more obese than before, and Emperor Xuanzong, on one occasion, jokingly asked him, "What does this barbaric belly contain?" Result: Tang victory . The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang Dynasty of China. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general officer of the Tang military system. Estimates vary, but the Taiping Rebellion is believed to have claimed between 20 million and 70 million lives, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. 1), p. 105. or "the luminous", Beckwith, p. 145, n. 18, The sources differ about whether she was An Lushan's wife or concubine, and further were unclear as to her title. The rebellion overtly began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on February 17, 763 (although This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people,[37] making it one of the deadliest wars in history. In 754, the recorded Chinese population stood at over 52 Wanting to show his military abilities, he often pillaged the Khitan and the Xi. After reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of the crown prince, who was proclaimed Suzong. In 732, when the general Zhang Shougui () was governing You Prefecture (, roughly modern Beijing), it was discovered that An Lushan had stolen sheep. The Drives me nuts. An Lushan approached Changan with limited resistance, and in the summer of 756, the city, which had a metro population of roughly 2 million, was sacked. Also Chinese land was fertile and worth fighting over. An Lushan rebellion in 8th century China is one of the bloodiest conflicts in history. He began to inject himself into court politicsas the official Su Xiaoyun () complained to him that the imperial examinations that year was unfair and that Zhang Shi (), the son of the deputy chief imperial censor Zhang Yi (), had been given top grade despite having no abilities. FOR SALE! The rebellion overtly began on 16 December 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on 17 February 763 (although the effects lasted past this). The beginning of the An Shi Rebellion in 756 marked the watershed of Tang power. Before the revolt, estimates put the population within the city walls at from 800,000-1,000,000. "Ah Lushan Dengzahu De Neiya Wenhua Beijing" ("The Cultural Background on An Lushan, etc in Inner Asia With the Discussion on the Inner Asia-ized of Sute or Sogdian"). Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. [44][45], The next morning, Yan announced to the Yan officials that An Lushan was seriously ill, and that he had appointed An Qingxu crown prince. The Taiping Rebellion was a Chinese civil war that raged from 1850 to 1864, fought between the Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Li Zhu'er attacked his stomach and abdomen. [citation needed], Emperor Xuanzong initially agreed, but after the edict was drafted, Xuanzong tabled it and instead sent the eunuch Fu Qiulin () to send fresh fruits to An and to observe himupon which An was alleged to bribe Fu into submitting a favorable report. According to army regulations, he was supposed to be executed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Even Yan Zhuang and Li Zhu'er were said to be hit frequently. By borrowing troops from neighboring tribes to put down the Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty lowered its prestige in the eyes of the barbarians, who eventually began raiding Tang settlements again. Geshu's subordinate Huoba Guiren () seized him and surrendered to Yan forces. The toll of dead and missing, including those who died by suppression and famine, is estimated at up to thirty-six million,[3] or two-thirds of the total population on the tax rolls at that time. An Lushan Rebellion. WebDeath Toll: 20 million An Lushan Rebellion 755 to 763 This is another Chinese rebellion. 336 BC323 BC. He captured the eastern capital city of Loyang (Luoyang), declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (), and launched the An Shi Rebellion (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: n Sh Zh Lun). In 1211 the Mongols invaded Jin China, capturing and sacking the capital city of Yanjing. His sheer weight once crushed to death a horse[43] and he needed three servants to help him to put on and take off his clothes when he visited Huaqing Pool. Initial stage In the spring of 755, matters were beginning to When the Li Linfu died in 752, An came into conflict with Li's replacement, Yang Guozhong, who was Yang Guifeis cousin, possibly because An Lushan himself had hoped to be appointed to the post of High Chancellor. Wang, instead, led the troops himself to Xiongwu in advance of the rendezvous date and, after participating in the building project, returned with the soldiers, and submitted reports to Emperor Xuanzong that he believed An was planning treason. At An's request, Emperor Xuanzong allowed him to award his soldiers with high ranks without first receiving imperial approval. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. His mother was a Turkic Shaman, and belonged to the nobility of a Turkish clan. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. After the death of Li Linfu, his rivalry with General Geshu Han and Chancellor Yang Guozhong created military tensions within the empire. Based in present-day Nanjing, the Taiping, led by Hong Xiuquan, was a fanatical Christian movement seeking to impose radical social change upon China. An reported this to Emperor Xuanzong, who ordered a retesting before him personally. An Lushan was of Sogdian and Gktrk origin,[5][6][7][8][9][10] at least by adoption. Geshu, with Emperor Xuanzong repeatedly ordering him to attack, was forced to do so, and was defeated by Cui. The An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 AD) occurred when An Lushan, a Before the revolt, estimates put the population within the city walls at from 800,0001,000,000. You should realize many of the bloodiest wars in history took place within China, which is partly just due to the population of China being historically greater than most other regions. At this point, there was a new Tang Emperor: Li Heng, or Emperor Suzong. (Changan itself was briefly occupied by the Tibetan army in 764, after the course of the rebellion.). Press J to jump to the feed. Welcome to r/AskHistorians. FOR SALE! All Rights Reserved. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan 1976. In 756, he took the capital of Changan and forced the Emperor to flee. Establishing the new capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, in 1522 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V proclaimed Corts captain-general of New Spain as a reward for his services and genocide. Wars of Alexander the Great. The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang Dynasty of China. Yang, however, persisted in his reports against An. He distinguished himself in the border wars of the northwestern frontier, particularly the Khitan invasion of 751-752, and rose through the ranks to become a general by the age of 33. Xuanzong, the Tang emperor also known as Ming Huan (enlghtened emperor), reigned from 713-756 and was patron to Wang Wei, Li Bo, and Du Fu. Here are our sources: The Punic Wars, Nigel Bagnall, St. Martins Press, 2005, A Companion to the Punic Wars, B.D. [36], On 8 January 756,[39] An Lushan crossed the Yellow River, quickly capturing Chenliu (, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan) and Yingyang (, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) Commanderies. 1: Trial by Battle, J. Sumption, University of Pennsylvania Press (1999), The Napoleonic Wars 1803-1815, David Gates, Random House (2011), Napoleons Wars: An International History, 1803-1815, Charles Esdaile (2008), The Concise History of the Crusades, Thomas Madden, Rowman and Littlefield (2013), Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600, Averil Cameron, Cambridge University Press (2000), Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel, Moss Roberts, University of California Press (1991), The Mughal Empire, John Richards, Cambridge University Press (1995), The Origins of the Thirty Years War, Myron Gutmann, Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1988), History of the Thirty Years War, Antonin Gindely, Putnam (1884), The Russian Civil War, 1918-22, David Bullock, Osprey Publishing (2008), A Peoples Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution, Orlando Figes, Penguin Books(1998), Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru, 1530-1780, Philip Means, Scribner (1932), The Last Days of the Incas, Kim Macquarrie, Simon and Schuster (2007), Temur and the Problem of a Conquerors Legacy, Beatrice Forbes Manz, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (April 1998), Tamburlaine the Great, Christopher Marlowe, Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2010), Encyclopaedia of World War I, Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Roberts, ABC-CLIO (2005), The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-Shan, E.G. Up Please leave feedback on this test message here. Roberts. Estimating casualties is difficult; some place the death toll as high as 36 million, The Taiping, swarmed throughout the imperial provinces, capturing vast swathes of territory from the Qing. [32], In 743, An visited Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong. As a result, the deputy ministers of civil service, Song Yao () and Miao Jinqing were demoted. In the fall of 755, An Lushan, using the northern provinces of Heibei and Henan as his base, led an army of about 150,000 soldiers from Peking (Beijing) to capture the eastern capital city of Loyang (Luoyang). The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also significant associated [35], Later that year, when Emperor Xuanzong, seeing that both An Lushan and An Sishun (who by this point was the military governor of Shuofang Circuit (, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia)) had poor relations with Geshu Han, the military governor of Hexi (, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longxi (, headquartered in modern Haidong prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, and wanted to improve relations between these three key border troop commanders, he summoned all three to the capital and had the powerful eunuch Gao Lishi host a feast for the three of them, trying to get them to resolve their unpleasantries. External links and references Death Toll Estimate: 72 Million Having taken a break from fighting for a few years, total war broke out again in 1939. Emperor Xuanzong responded, "He is the reserve emperor. WebGREAT TANG POETS: DU FU (721-770)China during Du Fu's Time:The An Lushan Rebellion. An Lushan was extremely fat, and often played the jester to win favor. He retained Gao Shang (), Yan Zhuang (), Zhang Tongru (), and Sun Xiaozhe () as his strategists; and Shi Siming, An Shouzhong (), Li Guiren (), Cai Xide (), Niu Tingjie (), Xiang Runrong (), Li Tingwang (), Cui Qianyou (), Yin Ziqi (), He Qiannian (), Wu Lingxun (), Neng Yuanhao (), Tian Chengsi, Tian Qianzhen (), and Ashina Chengqing () as his generals. Also in 753, Li Xianzhong's troops were defeated by the Huige, and they surrendered to An, further enhancing his strength. WebWeird History: An Lushan Rebellion. "[23][24] Edward H. Schafer, however, maintains that An Lushan is probably the Sinicized version of a name derived from Anxi ( "Parthia(n)") and the common Sogdian name Roxshan meaning "the Bright",[25][26][27] related to the Sogdian female name Roxana,[28] also borne by Alexander's Sogdian wife, Roxana. The rebellion of An Lushan (703-757), in Chinese known as the "rebellion of An [Lushan] and Shi [Siming]" ( An Shi zhi luan One such general, Wu Sangui, consequently defected to the Qing cause and with their combined forces defeated the new dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass. Highly unpopular among the peasantry, with the Seven Grievances listed against the Ming Emperor, in 1618 the Manchu chieftain Nurhaci began an armed rebellion. [40], When Yan forces captured Tong Pass, Emperor Xuanzong and Yang, in panic, abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Shu Commandery (, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan). An Lushan was extremely fat, and often played the jester to win favor. WebThe death toll of the rebellion according to various sources (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#AnLushan), including suppression and famine, is estimated to be about 36 million. As people have mentioned, severe drops in population during periods of turbulence in Imperial China are generally more due to the collapse in bureaucratic registration than war-related casualties (not to say that the An Lushan rebellion was not devastating for many areas, in particular the Wei River Valley/Henan regions). The two teams divided again into vast forces, and called themselves the Allies and the Axis. This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people, making it one of the deadliest wars in history. He was summoned to Chang'an, the Tang capital, several times and managed to gain favor with Chancellor Li Linfu and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. That conflict is generally thought to have a death toll of 20 million. An Lushan was born An Rokhan in 703 in northern Manchuria, where his father was a Sogdian sartapo (merchant) employed by the Turkic Khanate to administer their domains. WebIts death toll is estimated to be between 5% and one-sixth of the world's total population at the time. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Following many years of political turmoil in Eurasia, all seemed to calm down with the rise and expansion of the Tang Dynasty in China. We thank you for your interest in this question, and your patience in waiting for an in-depth and comprehensive answer to be written, which takes time. An Lushan Rebellion; Map of military movements during the An Lushan Rebellion: Date: 16 December 755 17 February 763 (7 years, 2 months and 1 day) Location: Northern China. The toll of dead and missing, including those who died by suppression and famine, is estimated at up to thirty-six million, or two-thirds of the total population on the By 763, internal strife and renewed Tang offensives ended the rebellion. [15][16], By 736, An Lushan carried a general title and was serving under Zhang Shougui as an officer of the Pinglu Army (, based in modern Chaoyang). The death toll is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan does not seem to have taken many prisoners. Thereafter, on one occasion, he bowed to Consort Yang first before bowing to Emperor Xuanzong, stating, "Barbarians bow to mothers first before fathers." An Lushan Rebellion. Traditionally dated as beginning on September 1, 1939, following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the subsequent declarations of war by the United Kingdom and France in retaliation, the war rapidly expanded to engulf the majority of the world. The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also An Qingzong, who was then at Chang'an, reported Yang's attack to An Lushan, causing considerable concern to An Lushan, who, thereafter, refused to attend the funeral of an imperial prince in summer 755, and did not offer to send a large number of horses to Chang'an that autumn, which aroused the suspicions of Emperor Xuanzong. Marching on the island capital of Tenochtitlan, one of the largest cities in the world with an estimated population of 250,000-300,000 people, the Aztec Emperor, Moctezuma II, welcomed the Spanish to his city. It. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. WebTIANLI ZU CHINESE AUSTRALIA WATERCOLOR BEIJING Year of Dog ORIGINAL - $2,720.60. [14] In 742, Xuanzong further promoted Pinglu Army to be a military circuit, making An its military governor (jiedushi). [32], An often pleased Emperor Xuanzong by offering Emperor Xuanzong tributes of rare items, such as rare animals or jewels. This seemingly large figure was merely a shadow of the population during the preceding Han dynasty, under which 10,677,960 households included at least 56,486,856 individuals a decline of more than 40,000,000 over the hundred year conflict. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion (755763 ce) was an dealt a death blow to the cost-effective . In 752, he wanted to launch a major counterattack against the Khitan, requesting that the ethnically Tujue general Li Xianzhong () accompany him. The An Lushan revolt, also called the An-Shi rebellion, occurred in China from 755 to 763 AD. Lasting nearly eight years, the rebellion However, the battle for eastern China went badly for An Lushan; although his army was large, it was unable to take control of the Suiyang District from the Tang defenders. WebChina (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnggu), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC; Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnghu Rnmn Gnghgu), is a country in East Asia. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. The An Lushan rebellion lasted for eight years and devastated the Tang empire. [32], In 744, with further praises from the powerful chancellor Li Linfu and Pei Kuan, An was, in addition to Pinglu, made the military governor of Fanyang Circuit (, headquartered in modern Beijing). Emperor Xuanzong treated him well and allowed him to visit the palace at all times. Top writer in History, Science, Art, Food, and Culture. You are using an out of date browser. Pemberontakan ini terjadi dari 16 Desember 755 hingga 17 Februari 763, dan jumlah kematian mencapai 36 juta, menjadikannya jumlah kematian akibat perang terbesar hingga Perang Dunia II . It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. Repr. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. Zhong, Han. When An went to Chang'an later that year to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong, he presented Emperor Xuanzong with 8,000 Xi captives. Morton, W. Scott, and Charlton M. Lewis. Came for this. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. He moved rapidly along the Grand Canal of China and captured the city of Luoyang within the year. Zhang took him in and treated him like a son. An apologized, stating, "I am foolish. The Revolt of An Lushan. Thereafter, Emperor Xuanzong refused to believe any suggestions that An was plotting rebellion, despite Li Heng agreeing with Yang's assessment on this issue. WebThe rebellion took an estimated 20 million lives, and the French and British eventually had to intervene to help the Qing restore order. Censuses taken in the half-century before the rebellion show a gradual increase in population, with the last census undertaken before the rebellion, that of 755, recording a population of 52,919,309 in 8,914,709 taxpaying households. Declaring a new dynasty in 1661, the Kangxi Emperor claimed the throne and, finally, in 1683, after decades of war, the Qing emerged triumphant. The Three Kingdoms as of 262 CE. 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